Peptide toxin formulation

ABSTRACT

Procedures are described which use solvents to increase the topical insecticidal activity of toxic insect peptides. These procedures comprise drying the peptides, if needed, followed by the addition of either: 1) a polar organic solvent, with or without water, to a dried peptide, or 2) the addition of polar aprotic solvent or other adjuvant to the dried peptide, followed by the addition of either: 1) a polar organic solvent, with or without water, (where a polar aprotic solvent is added first) or 2) a polar aprotic solvent or other adjuvant to the peptide polar organic solvent (where the polar organic solvent is added first), to the peptide formulation.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of earlier filed application No. 61/101,825, filed on 1 Oct. 2008.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the field of formulations for insecticidal peptides.

BACKGROUND

Insecticidal peptides are toxic to their targets when delivered internally, but sometimes they have little or no topical activity. Topical insecticidal activity refers to a toxin's ability to inhibit the growth, impair the movement or even kill an insect when the toxin is delivered to the insect or the insect's environment by spraying, or other means, as opposed to delivering the toxin directly to the insect's gut or internal organs by injection or inducing the insect to consume the toxin from its food, for example an insect feeding upon a transgenic plant.

The ability to successfully enhance or even change the properties of peptides with solvents has, until now, proven elusive. The wide variety, unique properties and special nature of peptides, combined with the huge variety of possible solvents one could choose from, has produced only a few described methods for the enhancement of a few selected peptides in the past 50 years or so. Various texts on the subject exist. See for example, Principles of Dairy Chemistry Jenness and Patton (1959) pp. 115-117, 127, 317, 326-328, 333.

Attempts have been made to enhance the activity of a few peptides through purification and extraction. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,838, Hensley, describes a procedure for enhancing the activity of amyloid β peptide, a 39-43 residue peptide, with a process that involves dissolving the peptide in an organic solvent, incubating it for 45 minutes to 3 hours above room temperature, equilibrating to room temperature and then removing the solvent.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,530,784, Rosenberg, relates to a method of extracting a biologically active factor that restores contact inhibition of growth to malignant cells in mammals by mixing specially prepared media with a volatile non-denaturing precipitating agent. The precipitate formed by this reaction is separated from the formulation and extracted with a biologically acceptable ionic buffering agent.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,337,194, Diaz, is a process of preparing somatostatin using a step-wise peptide coupling reaction in a solution of DMF. The product of the reaction is isolated by evaporation or by precipitation with a second solvent which renders the somatostatin insoluble, then the crude peptide obtained is purified.

There are few if any descriptions, however, for a method to convert a peptide which has low topical insecticidal activity into one having significantly greater topical insecticidal activity.

The procedure described here increases the topical insecticidal toxicity of insecticidal peptides. Peptides thus treated are referred to herein as “enhanced topical peptides.” The process described herein of making enhanced topical peptides is sometimes called making the peptides “special.” The process of making the peptides special makes the peptides more active than before they are treated with the process or treatment described herein. Once the peptides have been made special they can be applied topically to the insect, the insect's environment, to the places it inhabits, its habitat and to the food it touches, eats or consumes; in order to control the insect, rather than having to engineer the peptide into the genome of a suitable plant or other food. Both the new process, the formulations, and the new enhanced topical peptides produced by the process are described and claimed herein.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Procedures are described which use solvents to increase the toxicity of toxic insect peptides. Those procedures involve the preparation of the peptides by drying the peptides, if needed, followed by the addition of either: 1) a polar organic solvent, with or without water, to a dried peptide, or 2) a polar aprotic solvent or other adjuvant to the dried peptide, followed by the addition of either: 1) a polar organic solvent, with or without water, (where a polar aprotic solvent is added first or 2) a polar aprotic solvent or other adjuvant to the peptide polar organic solvent (where the polar organic solvent is added first), to the peptide formulation.

The procedures can also be described as follows: A method of increasing the topical insecticidal activity of a toxic insect peptide, herein called making the peptide special comprising: adding either i) a polar organic solvent or ii) a polar aprotic solvent or adjuvant to the peptide and then adding either i) a polar organic solvent or ii) a polar aprotic solvent or adjuvant, which ever was not added initially to the initial peptide formulation of above.

A method is described herein where the polar organic solvent comprises from about 50, to about 99.9 percent (%) of the final volume of the formulation. The method is specifically described where the polar organic solvent comprises from about 60, 70, 85, 90 to about 99.0 percent (%) of the final volume of the formulation. The method is described wherein the polar organic solvent comprises from about 70, to about 99.0 percent (%) of the final volume of the formulation. The method is specifically described wherein the polar organic solvent comprises from about 60, 70, 80, 85, 90, to about 99.0 percent (%) of the final volume of the formulation. The polar organic solvent may be selected from acetone, methanol, ethanol, propanol and all its isomers, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone, acetonitrile, ethyl acetoacetate. The polar organic solvents selected from acetone, methanol, ethanol, propanol and all its isomers are especially useful.

The polar aprotic solvent or adjuvant will comprise from about 20%, to about 0.001%, of the final volume of the formulation. Specifically the polar aprotic solvent or adjuvant, comprises from about 15%, to about 0.005%, from about 10%, to about 0.01%, from about 8%, to about 0.1%, from about 5%, to about 0.1%, of the final volume of the formulation. The polar aprotic solvent or adjuvant is selected from dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, dioxane and hexamethylphosphorotriamide. Dimethyl sulfoxide, also known as DMSO is exemplified.

The toxic insect peptides are preferably those with a) greater than 10 amino acid residues and less than 3000 amino acid residues; b) a molecular weight from about 550 Da to about 350,000 Da; and c) they have insecticidal activity. The peptides may optionally have 1 to 5 disulfide bonds. The insecticidal activity of the peptides optionally are peptides having topical activity in at least one reproducible topical insecticidal assay. The toxic insect peptides may be selected from the venom of a spider, mite, scorpion, snake, snails, certain plants or any combination thereof. The spider may be an Australian funnel web spider, and peptides from the genus of Atrax or Hadronyche are easily made special using the procedures described herein. Specific peptides from spiders, scorpions and plants are provided in the sequence listing.

Disclosed are formulations of special toxic peptides comprising: a) a peptide; b) a polar organic solvent; c) a polar aprotic solvent or adjuvant; d) wherein said polar organic solvent comprises from about 80, to about 99 percent (%) of the final volume of the formulation; e) wherein said polar aprotic solvent or adjuvant comprises from about 1, to about 10 percent (%) of the final volume of the suspension; and f) an optional water phase, wherein said water phase comprises from 0 (zero), to about 10 percent (%) of the final volume of the suspension.

The peptides made special by the process of this invention are new and may be separately claimed. These peptides are described by all of their properties and not simply their sequence. For the most part the peptide sequence information of the peptides which can be made special, as described herein, are known; however, once treated the same peptides will have greated topical activity. These peptides made special are novel with unique properties, both the peptides and the process of making them are disclosed and claimed herein.

Methods to control insects are also disclosed, in particular applications of the special toxic peptides or special toxic peptide formulations applied to the insect's environment. The special toxic peptide may be applied as a dry or liquid formulation. The formulation may include wetting and dispersing agents, surfactants and other common components of insecticidal peptide formulations. Also, described are special toxic peptides produced as the product of any of the processes described herein. The processes described herein can be used with any peptides. The following peptides are mentioned by way of specific examples and are not intended to limit the range, type or number of peptides can be made special using this process.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definitions

“Active ingredient” means a peptide or polypeptide, herein it is sometimes called a toxin.

“Insecticidal activity”, “insect control” or “control the insect” means that on or after exposure of the insect to the active ingredient, the insect either dies, stops or slows its movement or its feeding, stops or slows its growth, fails to pupate, cannot reproduce or cannot produce fertile offspring.

“Insect('s) environment” means any place or surface that is or will be exposed to an insect. The insect's environment includes the places it inhabits, its habitat and the food it touches, eats or consumes.

“Toxic insect peptide” means a peptide having insecticidal activity when ingested by or injected into an insect but having little, low or no topical insecticidal activity.

“Peptide made special” means the same as “Special topical peptide” below.

“Polar aprotic solvents” are organic solvents that have ion dissolving power but lack an acidic hydrogen. A polar aprotic solvent cannot donate hydrogen (H⁺ or proton.) These solvents generally have high dielectric constants and high polarity. Further examples that should be considered representative and not limiting are; dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide, dioxane, hexamethylphosphorotriamide and methyl sulfoxide. Adjuvants as polar aprotic solvents. Certain adjuvants can also be polar aprotic solvents. Mixtures of oils with surfactants, commonly referred to as adjuvants are other examples of polar aprotic solvents. Crop oils in combination with surfactants can also act as polar aprotic solvents. Examples such as Agicide Activator®, Herbimax®, Maximizer®, and MSO® all available from Loveland company serve to demonstrate the commercial adjuvants can act as the polar aprotic solvents as the term is defined by this invention. MSO® is a methylated seed oil and surfactant blend that uses methyl esters of soya oil in amounts of between about 80 and 85 percent petroleum oil with 15 to 20 percent surfactant. Use and descriptions of MSO® used as a polar aprotic solvent can be found in Example 7.

“Polar organic solvents” are organic solvents with dipole moments sufficient to confer a dielectric constant of 15 or higher, acetone being one example. Other examples of polar organic solvents include compounds with a dissociable H⁺, such as lower alkyl alcohols. Further examples that should be considered representative and not limiting are as follows: acetone, methanol, ethanol, propanol, all isomers of propanol including 1- and 2-, propanol (n- and iso-propanol, respectively). Other polar organic solvents which might be successfully used as part of this formulation can be determined by those skilled in the art; these may include methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone, acetonitrile, ethyl acetoacetate, etc.

“Special topical peptide” means a peptide previously having low topical insecticidal activity that has relatively higher topical insecticidal activity because of the procedures described herein used to increase the topical activity of peptides.

“Topical activity” or “topical insecticidal activity” means insecticidal activity that results from exposure or contact of the insect's outer layers, to the insecticidal peptide. Topical activity can result from exposure to or contact between a treated material or surface and the external part of the insect, such as its feet, abdomen, antenna, mouth. Topical activity can result from insect preening of external parts of the insect followed by ingestion of the toxin. Treatment of any material or surface with insecticide or toxin that then comes in contact with the insect with resultant insecticidal activity is considered a topical activity.

“Topical application” means the application of the active ingredient to an insect's environment, or the insect itself. An insect's environment may be treated with a “topical application” in any manner including: spraying, painting, baiting, impregnating materials, such as treating paper or other objects that are then placed in the same area when the insect is known or expected to visit or frequent. Topical application can also mean direct contact with the insect and the insecticide.

The Process to Make Special

Description of the Process to Make Peptides Special.

Add a polar organic solvent, with or without water, to a dried peptide and then add a polar aprotic solvent or other adjuvant to the peptide polar organic solvent (optional water) formulation, or in the alternative first add a polar aprotic solvent or other adjuvant to a dried peptide and then add a polar organic solvent (with or without water) to the polar aprotic solvent peptide formulation. Additional treatments and pretreatments to the peptides and peptide solvent formulations are optional and are discussed below.

The peptides made special are then used as desired for effect. Application and use of the peptides made special may be with any means, either standard or as determined to be effective by a practitioner who is skilled in the art, including but not limited to: spraying through an atomizer or other type of spray nozzle, direct/indirect application of droplets of the formulation, application of the dried residue of the formulation to any body surface of the targeted insect, immersion of the targeted insect in a bath, etc.

The peptide is made special upon completion of the addition of the polar organic solvent and the polar aprotic solvent or other adjuvant, with the solvents added in either order. It is better to start with a peptide that is in a non-aqueous environment. The preferred order of solvent addition will be determined by a practitioner who is skilled in the art of insecticidal formulation, giving attention and consideration to the particular peptides used. Numerous variations of the manner in which the solvent is added can be made and should be apparent to one skilled in the art. Some variations and more details of the procedure are provided below.

Preparation of the peptide by removing water may be needed if the starting peptides are dissolved in water. The procedure of making the peptides special may be practiced with peptides having either high or low solubility in water. Often peptides are prepared in water based solvents or expressed in aqueous environments. If the peptide to be made special is in an aqueous environment, most of the water should first be removed, i.e. the peptide should be dried. If the peptide is already in a dried state, then drying is not needed. Preparation of peptides can involve concentrating, purifying, isolating or identifying peptides and or the amounts or concentration of the peptide in the sample. Once the peptide is in a preferred state, condition or concentration, it should be “dried.” One method of drying a peptide, or taking it out of an aqueous environment, is to lyophilize the peptide using traditional peptide lyophilization procedures. See Protein Analysis and Purification 2^(nd) Ed. Rosenberg 2005 pp 140. Other methods include, but are not limited to, spray drying, rotary evaporation, and vacuum centrifugation. Peptide drying should be done in a manner such that the peptides are not unduly damaged or destroyed. Excessive heat should be avoided. Those skilled in the art will know and be able to practice appropriate procedures to dry the peptide.

Adding the polar organic solvent to the dried peptide. Once the peptide is prepared by having most of the water removed, it is ready for mixing with either the polar organic solvent or the polar aprotic solvent or adjuvant. Better results are sometimes obtained when the polar organic solvent is added to the dried peptide before the polar aprotic solvent is added and order is described below, but with some peptides in some situations the polar aprotic solvent is added to the dried peptide followed by addition of the polar organic solvent.

The Polar Organic Solvent.

Many polar organic solvents can be used, some seem to produce peptides having greater topical activity than others. We have found the following polar organic solvents work well in this procedure to make peptides special: acetone, methanol, ethanol, propanol, all isomers of propanol including 1- and 2-, propanol (n- and iso-propanol, respectively). Other polar organic solvents which might be successfully used as part of this formulation can be determined by those skilled in the art; these may include methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone, acetonitrile, ethyl acetoacetate, etc. The mixing of peptide and solvent can be done with any laboratory method of mixing such as vortex mixing, stirring, shaking, etc.

If the polar organic solvent is added to the dried peptide before the aprotic solvent/adjuvant then it (the polar organic solvent) can be as much as about 98 to 100% of the liquid in the formulation, and the peptide will likely form a precipitate in the solvent. The formulation may appear as a cloudy or hazy suspension. It should be vigorously mixed. The polar organic solvent can have some water in it, see “Water” below, but pure or dry solvent also works well. Optimal final concentrations of water and polar organic solvent can be determined for a formulation of a particular special topical peptide by those skilled in the art. We have formulated special topical peptides with polar organic solvent at final concentrations of 80 to 99%. Lower concentrations than 80% would also work with some peptides. We specifically describe polar organic solvents at final concentrations of 60, 70, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 and 99% and with water at final concentrations of 0% to 10%, in particular final water concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10% are described. Those skilled in the art will be able to successfully use values outside these sample ranges for particular formulations of particular special topical peptides.

Sonication. Once the peptide is properly taken up in the solvent it may be sonicated or otherwise treated to further increase its topical activity. Sonication may break up the peptide particles in solution and reduce the size of the suspended particles. Sonication or other procedures to reduce particle size appears to increase topical toxicity of the peptides. Other procedures that reduce particle size, in addition to sonication, may be used to increase topical activity. Various procedures to reduce particle size should be known to those familiar with peptide manipulation. Without being limited to any particular procedure or mechanism, using a high speed blender, shaking or stirring with glass beads may also be useful to increase the toxicity of the special toxic peptides.

Water. As mentioned above, the polar organic solvent does not need to be pure or absolute when used: it can contain water. Moreover, this water may contain salts, organic molecules, peptides, etc. Water can presumably be added to the peptide either before the polar organic solvent is added to the peptide formulation, or at the same time or after addition of the polar organic solvent. Care should be taken not to use too large a concentration of water, as we have observed that this can reduce or eliminate the activity of certain formulations of certain special topical peptides. The water need not be pure, it can include various proteins such as chitinases, phospholipases, lectins, etc., or salts, sugars, carbohydrates, etc., in order to create a more useful and stable final solution. Alternatively, the water phase can initially be pure water and then various proteins such as chitinases, phospholipases, lectins etc. could be added to the water phase after it is mixed with the polar organic solvent and the peptides.

The Polar Aprotic Solvent.

The polar aprotic solvent or adjuvant can be used as the first ingredient added to the dried peptide or it can be added to the peptide polar organic solvent (water optional) formulation described above. Those skilled in the art can determine whether the polar aprotic solvent or the polar organic solvent should be the first liquid added to the dried peptide in order to determine the better way to make the peptides special. This determination will depend on the circumstances of each case and in particular exactly which toxic insect peptide is used and the final formulation desired. However, such variations should be practiced with care, as we have observed that in some cases lower insecticidal activity resulted if the polar aprotic solvent was added to the peptide before the polar organic solvent is added.

Polar aprotic solvents lack an acidic hydrogen. These solvents generally have high dielectric constants and high polarity. Examples include dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, dioxane and hexamethylphosphorotriamide.

The adjuvant can be any oil and/or emulsifying surfactant formulated for agricultural application of pesticides and especially peptides. These commercial formulations typically have oils and emulsifying surfactants formulated to “carry and spread” the active ingredients. Examples include: “Aero Dyneamic” from Helena Chemical Co. which has methylated or ethylated vegetable oil, a nonionic surfactant and a buffering agent or acidifier. It is further described as a “proprietary blend of ethoxylated alkyl phosphate esters, polyalkylene modified polydimethylsiloxane, nonionic emulsifiers and methylated vegetable oils. For aerial use only at 2-8 qt/100 gal. 30-70 percent. Provides pH reduction and buffering, NIS and oil blend” See label for rates. Further examples and manufactures of adjuvants can be found in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Agrochemical Surfactants. Suggested Surfactant/Adjuvant Composition Brief Description Application LI 700 (Loveland Phosphatidylcholine, Non-ionic low foaming 8-24 oz/100 gallon Products) methylacetic acid, and penetrant; aids in providing (0.0625%-0.1825% alkyl polyoxyethylene uniform spray coverage and solution) ether (80%); Constituents to acidify spray solutions ineffective as spray adjuvant (20%) SILWET L-77 (Loveland Polysiloxane polyether Non-ionic, organofunctional 3-16 oz/100 gal Products) copolymer, polyether silicone surfactant which (0.02%-0.125% solution) (100%) lower's surface tension below commonly used surfactants, resulting in more effective wetting and more uniform coverage MSO Concentrate w/LECI- Methylated vegetable oil, Enhances activity of post 1-2 pints per acre TECH (Loveland Products) alcohol ethoxylate, applied herbicides non-ionic (1.25-2.5% based on phosphatidylcholine (100%) surfactants and petroleum- 10 gal/acre) based crop oils TACTIC (Loveland Synthetic latex, 1,2- Increases adherence 8-32 oz/100 gal. Products) propanediol, Alcohol (latex polymer) and (0.0625%-0.25% ethoxylate, silicone coverage (organosilicone) solution) polyether copolymer (63.4%); Constituents ineffective as spray adjuvant (36.6%)

Optimal final concentrations of polar aprotic solvent and/or adjuvant can be determined for the formulation of a particular topical peptide made special by those skilled in the art. We have successfully formulated special topical peptides with polar aprotic solvent at final concentrations of 10% and as low as 0.01%, with 0.5% working well. The adjuvant Silwet L-77, for example, works well at a final concentration as low as 0.01%, and those skilled in the art should be able to successfully find other adjuvants using even higher or lower values than the ranges described here for particular formulations of particular topical peptides made special.

The water and sonication steps described above can be applied in any order. Particular modes of insecticidal application for particular formulations of special topical peptides will be determined by those skilled in the art.

Topical Toxic Peptides and their Preparation.

Examples of toxic insect peptides are well known and can be found in numerous references. They can be identified by their peptidic nature and their activity, usually oral or injection insecticidal activity. Here we provide a few examples to better illustrate and describe the invention, but the invention is not limited to these examples. All of these examples and others not shown here are descriptive of new materials, described and claimed here for the first time.

Toxic insect peptides are peptides of greater than 5 amino acid residues and less than 3000 amino acid residues. They range in molecular weight from about 550 Da to about 350,000 Da. Toxic insect peptides have some type of insecticidal activity. Typically they show activity when injected into insects but most do not have significant activity when applied to an insect topically. The insecticidal activity of toxic insect peptides is measured in a variety of ways. Common methods of measurement are widely known to those skilled in the art. Such methods include, but are not limited to determination of median response doses (e.g., LD₅₀, PD₅₀, LC₅₀, ED₅₀) by fitting of dose-response plots based on scoring various parameters such as: paralysis, mortality, failure to gain weight, etc. Measurements can be made for cohorts of insects exposed to various doses of the insecticidal formulation in question. Analysis of the data can be made by creating curves defined by probit analysis and/or the Hill Equation, etc. In such cases, doses would be administered by hypodermic injection, by hyperbaric infusion, by presentation of the insecticidal formulation as part of a sample of food or bait, etc.

Toxic insect peptides are defined here as all peptides shown to be insecticidal upon delivery to insects either by hypodermic injection, hyperbaric infusion, or upon per os delivery to an insect (i.e., by ingestion as part of a sample of food presented to the insect). This class of peptides thus comprises, but is not limited to, many peptides produced naturally as components of the venoms of spiders, mites, scorpions, snakes, snails, etc. This class also comprises, but is not limited to, various peptides produced by plants (e.g., various lectins, ribosome inactivating proteins, and cysteine proteases), and various peptides produced by entomopathogenic microbes (e.g. the Cry1/delta endotoxin family of proteins produced by various Bacillus species.)

The following documents are incorporated by reference in the US in their entirely, in other jurisdictions where allowed and they are of common knowledge given their publication. In addition they are incorporated by reference and known specifically for their sequence listings to the extent they describe peptide sequences. See the following:

U.S. Pat. No. 5,763,568, issued Jun. 9, 1998, specifically the sequences in the sequence listing, and those numbered 1-26, and those known as “kappa” or “omega” toxins, including those that can form 2-4 intrachain disulphide bridges, and the peptides appearing on columns 2 and 4, and Table 5, and in FIG. 5, FIG. 15, FIG. 16, FIG. 17, FIG. 18. U.S. Pat. No. 5,959,182, issued Sep. 28, 1999, specifically the sequences in the sequence listing, and those numbered 1-26 and those known as “kappa” or “omega” toxins, including toxins that can form 2-4 intrachain disulphide bridges, and the peptides appearing on columns 2 and 4, and Table 5, and in FIG. 5, FIG. 15, FIG. 16, FIG. 17, FIG. 18. U.S. Pat. No. 6,583,264 B2, issued Jun. 24, 2003, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,173,106 B2, issued Feb. 6, 2007 specifically sequence number 1, named “omega-atracotoxin-Hv2a or ω-atracotoxin-Hv2a, including toxins that can form 2-4 intrachain disulphide bridges. U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,547 B2, issued Oct. 9, 2007, specifically the sequences in the sequence listing, and those numbered 1-35, and variants of ω-atracotoxin-Hv2a, toxins that can form 2-4 intrachain disulphide bridges, and the peptides appearing on columns 4-8 of the specification, and in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4. U.S. Pat. No. 7,354,993 B2, issued Apr. 8, 2008 specifically the peptide sequences listed in the sequence listing, and those numbered 1-39, and those named U-ACTX polypeptides, toxins that can form 2-4 intrachain disulphide bridges, and variants thereof, and the peptides appearing on columns 4-9 of the specification and in FIG. 1. EP patent 1 812 464 B1, published and granted Aug. 10, 2008 Bulletin 2008/41, specifically the peptide sequences listed in the sequence listing, toxins that can form 2-4 intrachain disulphide bridges, and those as numbered 1-39, and those named U-ACTX polypeptides, and variants thereof, and the peptides appearing in paragraphs 0023 to 0055, and appearing in FIG. 1.

Described and incorporated by reference to the peptides identified herein are homologous variants of sequences mentioned, have homology to such sequences or referred to herein which are also identified and claimed as suitable for making special according to the processes described herein including but not limited to all homologous sequences including homologous sequences having at least any of the following percent identities to any of the sequences disclosed her or to any sequence incorporated by reference: 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% or greater identity to any and all sequences identified in the patents noted above, and to any other sequence identified herein, including each and every sequence in the sequence listing of this application. When the term homologous or homology is used herein with a number such as 30% or greater then what is meant is percent identity or percent similarity between the two peptides. When homologous or homology is used without a numeric percent then it refers to two peptide sequences that are closely related in the evolutionary or developmental aspect in that they share common physical and functional aspects like topical toxicity and similar size within 100% greater length or 50% shorter length or peptide.

Described and incorporated by reference to the peptides identified herein that are derived from any source mentioned in the US and EP patent documents referred to above, including but not limited to the following: Toxins isolated from plants and insects, especially toxins from spiders, scorpions and plants that prey on or defend themselves from insects, such as, funnel web spiders and especially Australian funnel web spiders, including toxins found in, isolated from or derived from the genus Atrax or Hadronyche, including the genus species, Hadronyche versuta, or the Blue Mountain funnel web spider, Atrax robustus, Atrax formidabilis, Atrax infensus including toxins known as “atracotoxins,” “co-atracotoxins,” “kappa” atracotoxins, “omega” atracotoxins also known as ω-atracotoxin, U-ACTX polypetides, U-ACTX-Hv1a, rU-ACTX-Hv1a, rU-ACTX-Hv1b, or mutants or variants, especially peptides of any of these types and especially those less than about 200 amino acids but greater than about 10 amino acids, and especially peptides less than about 150 amino acids but greater than about 20 amino acids, especially peptides less than about 100 amino acids but greater than about 25 amino acids, especially peptides less than about 65 amino acids but greater than about 25 amino acids, especially peptides less than about 55 amino acids but greater than about 25 amino acids, especially peptides of about 37 or 39 or about 36 to 42 amino acids, especially peptides with less than about 55 amino acids but greater than about 25 amino acids, especially peptides with less than about 45 amino acids but greater than about 35 amino acids, especially peptides with less than about 115 amino acids but greater than about 75 amino acids, especially peptides with less than about 105 amino acids but greater than about 85 amino acids, especially peptides with less than about 100 amino acids but greater than about 90 amino acids, including peptide toxins of any of the lengths mentioned here that can form 2, 3 and or 4 or more intrachain disulphide bridges, including toxins that disrupt calcium channel currents, including toxins that disrupt potassium channel currents, especially insect calcium channels or hybrids thereof, especially toxins or variants thereof of any of these types, and any combination of any of the types of toxins described herein that have topical insecticidal activity, can be made special by the processes described herein.

Venomous peptides from the Australian Funnel Web Spider, genus Atrax and Hadronyche are particularly suitable and work well when treated by the methods, procedures or processes described by this invention. These spider peptides, like many other toxic peptides, including especially are toxic scorpion and toxic plant peptides, become topically active or toxic when treated by the processes described by this invention. Examples of suitable peptides tested and with data are provided herein. In addition to the organisms mentioned above, the following species are also specifically know to carry toxins suitable for being made special by the process of this invention. The following species are specifically named: Agelenopsis aperta, Androctonus australis Hector, Antrax formidabillis, Antrax infensus, Atrax robustus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bothus martensii Karsch, Bothus occitanus tunetanus, Buthacus arenicola, Buthotus judaicus, Buthus occitanus mardochei, Centruroides noxius, Centruroides suffusus suffisus, Hadronyche infensa, Hadronyche versuta, Hadronyche versutus, Hololena curia, Hottentotta judaica, Leiurus quinquestriatus, Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus, Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus, Oldenlandia affinis, Scorpio maurus palmatus, Tityus serrulatus, Tityus zulianu. Any peptidic toxins from any of the genus listed above and or genus species are suitable for being made special according to the process in this invention.

The Examples in this specification are not intended to, and should not be used to limit the invention, they are provided only to illustrate the invention.

As noted above, many peptides are suitable candidates as the subject of the process to make special. The sequences noted above, below and in the sequence listing are especially suitable peptides that can be made special, and many of these have been made special according to this invention with the results shown in the examples below.

SEQ ID NO: 60 (one letter code) SPTCI PSGQP CPYNE NCCSQ SCTFK ENENG NTVKR CD 1   5    10    15    20    25    30    35 37 SEQ ID NO: 60 (three letter code) Ser Pro Thr Cys Ile Pro Ser Gly Gln Pro Cys Pro Tyr Asn Glu Asn  1               5                   10                 15 Cys Cys Ser Gln Ser Cys Thr Phe Lys Gln Asn Gln Asn Gly Asn Thr              20                  25                  30 Val Lys Arg Cys Asp          35     37 Named “ω-ACTX-Hv1a” it has disulfide bridges at positions: 4-18, 11-22 and 17-36. The molecular weight is 4096.

SEQ ID NO: 117 (one letter code) GSSPT CIPSG QPCPY NENCC SQSCT FKENE NGNTV KRCD 1   5    10    15    20    25    30    35   39 SEQ ID NO: 117 (three letter code) Gly Ser Ser Pro Thr Cys Ile Pro Ser Gly Gln Pro Cys Pro Tyr Asn  1               5                   10                  15 Glu Asn Cys Cys Ser Gln Ser Cys Thr Phe Lys Glu Asn Glu Asn Gly              20                  25                  30 Asn Thr Val Lys Arg Cys Asp          35              39 Named “ω-ACTX-Hv1a+2” it has disulfide bridges at positions: 6-20, 13-24 and 19-38. The molecular weight is 4199.

SEQ ID NO: 118 (one letter code) GSAIC TGADR PCAAC CPCCP GTSCK AESNG VSYCR KDEP 1   5    10    15    20    25    30    35   39 SEQ ID NO: 118 (three letter code.) Gly Ser Ala Ile Cys Thr Gly Ala Asp Arg Pro Cys Ala Ala Cys Cys  1               5                   10                  15 Pro Cys Cys Pro Gly Thr Ser Cys Lys Ala Glu Ser Asn Gly Val Ser              20                  25                  30 Tyr Cys Arg Lys Asp Glu Pro          35             39 Named “rκ-ACTX-Hv1c” it has disulfide bridges at positions: 5-19, 12-24, 15-16, 18-34. The molecular weight is 3912.15

SEQ ID NO: 119 (one letter code) GSQYC VPVDQ PCSLN TQPCC DDATC TQERN ENGHT VYYCR A 1   5    10    15    20    25    30    35    40 41 SEQ ID NO: 119 (three letter code) Gly Ser Gln Tyr Cys Val Pro Val Asp Gln Pro Cys Ser Leu Asn Thr  1               5                   10                  15 Gln Pro Cys Cys Asp Asp Ala Thr Cys Thr Gln Glu Arg Asn Glu Asn              20                  25                  30 Gly His Thr Val Tyr Tyr Cys Arg Ala          35                  40 41 Named “rU-ACTX-Hv1a (“Hybrid”)+2” it has disulfide bridges at positions: 5-20, 12-25, 19-39. The molecular weight is 4570.51

Preparation of the Topical Toxic Peptides

The toxic peptides described above can be prepared in a variety of ways and in some embodiments they need not be prepared by any formal process. The peptides can simply be collected with or without other impurities in a composition and utilized. In one embodiment in which several Examples are provided below, the peptides are lyophylized or they have some, most or nearly all liquid removed prior to being made special. In some embodiments the peptides are still wet and only excess liquid is removed. In some embodiments the peptides are in aqueous solutions or in something similar to an aqueous solution. The peptides need not be isolated or purified prior to being made special.

Reproducible Assays to Measure Topical Insecticidal Activity.

The topical insecticidal activity of a peptide can be measured and quantified. Numerous assays are available. Several examples of reproducible assays useful to determine the topical activity of a peptide are provided in the examples below. These examples describe both peptide and assay in detail but they should not be used to limit the scope of the claims or invention.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Examples Example 1 Topical Assay with Acetone and DMSO using House Fly

Toxin is ω-ACTX-Hv1a:

(SEQ ID NO: 60) SPTCIPSGQPCPYNENCCSQSCTFKENENGNTVKRCD

Synthetic. Molecular weight: 4050 Da. LD₅₀ in House-fly: 90.2 pmol/g

Administration and Application of the Formulation.

Insect is House fly (Musca domestica) from Benzon research weighing between 12-20 mg (average mass 16 mg) would each receive 2 μL micropipette applications of formulations onto the dorsal thoracic surface of the body.

Toxin Doses:

˜90,000 pmol/g ω-ACTX (1000× Injection LD50) dissolved in 90% Acetone/10% DMSO or DMSO (10%-20%) with 0.1% Tween 20,

˜9,000 pmol/g (100× Injection LD50), and

˜900 pmol/g (10× LD50) dissolved in DMSO (10-20%) with 0.1% Tween 20.

Preparation of Water-Based Application Solutions

ω-ACTX/DMSO stock-3.5 mg lyophilized ω-ACTX (Auspep) massed and dissolved in 70 μL DMSO (50 μg/μL stock), Water+Tween stocks—1000 μL aliquots of Tween 20 stocks were prepared in water to the percent volume to volume values (listed below) from a 1% Tween 20 stock (e.g. 111 μL 1% Tween 20+889 μL water for the 0.111% Tween 20 stock, etc.). In all cases, the Tween 20 stock was added to the tube first, then DMSO, and finally the ω-ACTX/DMSO stock.

TABLE 2 Water-DMSO Treatments. ω-ACTX Dose [DMSO] Water + Tween Final (pmol/g) (%) ω-ACTX DMSO (% v/v) Volume 90,000 10% 17.5 μL ω-ACTX STOCK 12.5 μL   270 μL 300 μL (50 μg/μL in DMSO) (0.111% Tween) −ve 10% — 30 μL 270 μL 300 μL (0.111% Tween) 90,000 20% 17.5 μL ω-ACTX STOCK 42.5 μL   240 μL 300 μL (50 μg/μL in DMSO) (0.125% Tween) 9,000 20% 30 μL 90,000 pmol/g 54 μL 216 μL 300 μL ACTX Solution (0.138% Tween) 900 20% 30 μL 9,000 pmol/g 54 μL 216 μL 300 μL ACTX Solution (0.138% Tween) −ve 20% — 60 μL 240 μL 300 μL (0.125% Tween) Note. In Table 2 and many Tables below some or all of the following abbreviations are used: “twitch” or “twch” means twitching; “morb” means moribund and “−ve” means “negative control conditions” which is the same as experimental conditions but without any active ingredient (s).

Preparation of Acetone-Based Application Solutions:

Acetone—The same 50 μg/μL ω-ACTX stock in DMSO was used to create a formulation in 90% acetone and 10% DMSO that would deliver a dose equivalent of 90,000 pmol/g when applied as a 2 μL droplet to houseflies of an average mass of 16 mg. In this case, the toxin stock was added to the acetone first, and then a final volume of DMSO was added to reach 10% m/v DMSO. This was done to examine the amount of precipitate when dissolved toxin was added to acetone.

A second ω-ACTX solution was also prepared by dissolving 1.2 mg lyophilized ω-ACTX (Auspep) in 240 μL acetone (5 μg/μL stock). 50 μL of this stock was diluted in 121.5 μL of Acetone after which 17.15 μL DMSO was added (10% concentration). Calculations leading to an estimate the ω-ACTX dosage for this formulation are as follows: 50 μL×5 μg/μL ω-ACTX stock=250 μg ω-ACTX÷171.5 μL total volume=1.458 μg/μL×2 μL/insect=2.915 μg/insect 2.915 μg/insect×1 μmol/4050 μg×10⁶ pmol/1 μmol=719.7 pmol/insect×1 insect/0.016 g=45,000 pmol/g

A control formulation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was also prepared in acetone and DMSO. Due to the concentration of the stock BSA, the concentration of acetone was only about 60% in 10% DMSO.

TABLE 3 Acetone-DMSO Treatments DMSO ω-ACTX Dose Concentration Final (pmol/g) (%) ω-ACTX DMSO Acetone Volume 90,000 10% 17.5 μL ω-ACTX 12.5 μL   270 μL 300 μL STOCK (50 μg/μL in DMSO) 45,000 10% 50 μL (5 μg/μL in 17.15 μL   104.3 μL   171.5 μL   Acetone) −ve 10% — 30 μL 270 μL 300 μL +ve 10% 87.5 μL 10 μg/mL BSA 30 μL 182.5 μL   300 μL

Administration and Application of the Formulation

Houseflies were refrigerated for ˜4 hr and then anesthetized with CO₂. Each treatment formulation described above was applied to a group of ten anesthetized flies. The treatments consisted of a 2 μL droplet of the respective formulation, pipetted onto the dorsal thoracic body surface of a fly. Groups of ten anesthetized flies were used to test each treatment regime. The Acetone/DMSO solution rapidly evaporated from the cuticle. The DMSO formulations were allowed to absorb through the cuticle. Treated flies which revived on their dorsal surface tended to stick to the bottom of the bin and struggle following placement with food and water; intervention was made to prevent this by gently tapping the bin or manipulating stuck flies back to an upright orientation with tweezers. A control group of untreated flies was also reserved to ensure mortality was not affected by CO₂ exposure. All treatments were given food and water and observed for 24 hours.

Results (n=10 for all treatment groups, number of dead flies per group reported in second column):

TABLE 4 Results of Acetone-DMSO Treatments Dead (Time Treatment (Time Applied) post treatment) Notes −ve 20% DMSO/Tween (3:54 PM Jul. 1, 2008) 0 (~8 hr) All flies healthy/active 90,000 pmol/g ω-ACTX 20% DMSO/Tween 1 (~8 hr) 1 dead in food, others healthy (4:09 PM Jul. 1, 2008) 9,000 pmol/g ω-ACTX 20% DMSO/Tween 1 (~7.5 hr) 1 stack to bottom(?) (4:22 PM Jul. 1, 2008) dead(?) 900 pmol/g ω-ACTX 20% DMSO/Tween 0 (~7.5 hr) (4:32 PM Jul. 1, 2008) −ve 10% DMSO/Tween (5:39 PM Jul. 1, 2008) 0 (~6.5 hr) 1 stuck to bottom & dislodged 90,000 pmol/g ω-ACTX 10% DMSO/Tween 0 (~7 hr) (4:52 PM Jul. 1, 2008) −ve 90% Acetone/10% DMSO (5:25 PM Jul. 1, 2008) 1 (~7.5 hr) +ve BSA Protein (5:01 PM Jul. 1, 2008) 1(?) (~7 hr) 1 unresponsive on side of food dish 90,0000 pmol/g ω-ACTX (DMSO Stock) 0 (~7 hr) 1 stuck on back & 90% Acetone/10% DMSO (5:11 PM Jul. 1, 2008) dislodged 45,0000 pmol/g ω-ACTX (Acetone Stock) 1 (~6.5 hr) 1 dead in food dish 90% Acetone/10% DMSO (5:19 PM Jul. 1, 2008) −ve untreated (5:40 PM Jul. 1, 2008) 0 (~6.5 hr) −ve 20% DMSO/Tween (3:54 PM Jul. 1, 2008) 0 (~19 hr) All flies healthy/active 90,000 pmol/g ω-ACTX 20% DMSO/Tween 1 (~19 hr) 1 twitching (4:09 PM Jul. 1, 2008) 9,000 pmol/g ω-ACTX 20% DMSO/Tween 1 (~18.5 hr) Dead from sticking to (4:22 PM Jul. 1, 2008) bottom 900 pmol/g ω-ACTX 20% DMSO/Tween 0 (~18.5 hr) All flies healthy/active (4:32 PM Jul. 1, 2008) −ve 10% DMSO/Tween (5:39 PM Jul. 1, 2008) 1 (~17.5 hr) Dead in food 90,000 pmol/g ω-ACTX 10% DMSO/Tween 1 (18 hr) 2 twitching (4:52 PM Jul. 1, 2008) −ve 90% Acetone/10% DMSO (5:25 PM Jul. 1, 2008) 1 (~17.5 hr) +ve BSA Protein (5:01 PM Jul. 1, 2008) 1 (~18 hr) 90,0000 pmol/g ω-ACTX (DMSO Stock) 1 (~18 hr) 1 twitching 90% Acetone/10% DMSO (5:11 PM Jul. 1, 2008) 45,0000 pmol/g ω-ACTX (Acetone Stock) 5 (~17.5 hr) 2 twitching 90% Acetone/10% DMSO (5:19 PM Jul. 1, 2008) −ve untreated (5:40 PM 7/1/08) 0 (~17.5 hr) All flies healthy/active −ve 20% DMSO/Tween (3:54 PM Jul. 1, 2008) 0 (~27.5 hr) 90,000 pmol/g ω-ACTX 20% DMSO/Tween 3 (~27.5 hr) 1 twitching (4:09 PM Jul. 1, 2008) 9,000 pmol/g ω-ACTX 20% DMSO/Tween 1 (~27 hr) (4:22 PM Jul. 1, 2008) 900 pmol/g ω-ACTX 20% DMSO/Tween 0 (~27 hr) (4:32 PM Jul. 1, 2008) −ve 10% DMSO/Tween (5:39 PM Jul. 1, 2008) 1 (~26 hr) 90,000 pmol/g ω-ACTX 10% DMSO/Tween 3 (~26.5 hr) 1 twitching (4:52 PM Jul. 1, 2008) −ve 90% Acetone/10% DMSO (5:25 PM Jul. 1, 2008) 1 (~26 hr) +ve BSA Protein (5:01 PM Jul. 1, 2008) 1 (~26 hr) 90,0000 pmol/g ω-ACTX (DMSO Stock) 3 (~26.5 hr) 1 twitching 90% Acetone/10% DMSO (5:11 PM Jul. 1, 2008) 45,0000 pmol/g ω-ACTX (Acetone Stock) 7 (~26 hr) 1 sick 90% Acetone/10% DMSO (5:19 PM Jul. 1, 2008) −ve untreated (5:40 PM Jul. 1, 2008) 0 (~26 hr)

Topical application of ω-ACTX dissolved in Acetone with 10% DMSO was insecticidal to flies (70% mortality at 24 hrs.) while a similar preparation of ω-ACTX dissolved in DMSO then diluted to 10% DMSO in acetone was less insecticidal (˜30%). These results are similar to the topical assays in which ω-ACTX dissolved in Acetone with DMSO added to a concentration of 10% killed 90% of houseflies (Jun. 19, 2008) while ω-ACTX dissolved in DMSO and then diluted in Acetone to a concentration of 90,000 pmol/g killed 40% of treated insects. Topical application of ω-ACTX in 10-20% DMSO in water was also insecticidal, but considerably less so than the Acetone/DMSO solution (30% vs. 70%).

Example 2 Topical Assay with Acetone/Methanol/DMSO Using House Fly

Toxin is ω-ACTX-Hv1a:

(SEQ. ID. NO: 60) SPTCIPSGQPCPYNENCCSQSCTFKENENGNTVKRCD

Synthetic. Molecular weight: 4050 Da. LD₅₀ in House-fly: 90.2 pmol/g.

Administration and Application of the Formulation

Insects: House fly (Musca domestica) from Benzon research weighing between 12-18 mg (average mass 15 mg); 2 μL micropipette application onto dorsal thorax.

Cabbage Looper (Trichoplusia ni) from Benzon research weighing ˜30 mg; 2 μL micropipette application to dorsal anterior.

Toxin Dose Calculations: ˜90,000 pmol/g ω-ACTX (1000× Injection LD₅₀), 0.015 g/fly×90,000 pmol/g=1350 pmol/fly×4050 pg/pmol×1 μg/10⁶ pg=5.467 μg/insect. 5.467 μg/2 μL application=2.733 μg/μL×150 μL=410.06 μg×1 μL/5 μg=82 μL 5 μg/μL ω-ACTX stock

Preparation of Application Solutions.

Mixtures of ω-ACTX in acetone (90%) and DMSO (10%) were prepared according to Table 5 from a stock preparation of 1.5 mg lyophilized ω-ACTX dissolved in 300 μL of acetone to produce a 5 mg/mL solution. ω-ACTX formed a cloudy precipitate when acetone was added which settled out when left on the bench. The preparation was vortexed for ˜5 sec to homogenize the precipitate prior to dilution.

Methanol/DMSO—Mixtures of ω-ACTX in methanol (90%) and DMSO (10%) were prepared according to Table 5 from a stock preparation of 2.3 mg lyophilized ω-ACTX dissolved in 460 μL of methanol to produce a mixture with a final peptide concentration of 5 mg/mL. ω-ACTX formed a cloudy precipitate when methanol was added which settled out when left on the bench, in a similar manner to atracotoxin/acetone suspensions. The preparation was vortexed for ˜5 sec. to homogenize the precipitate prior to dilution.

TABLE 5 Treatment Preparations. Total Treatment ω-ACTX DMSO Solvent Volume 90,000 pmol/g 82 μL 5 mg/mL ω-ACTX STOCK in 15 μL 53 μL Acetone 150 μL Acetone −ve — 15 μL 135 μL Acetone 150 μL 90,000 pmol/g 82 μL 5 mg/mL ω-ACTX STOCK in 15 μL 53 μL Methanol 150 μL Methanol −ve — 15 μL 135 μL Methanol 150 μL

Table 5 treatment preparations are formulations of acetone/methanol/DMSO; order of addition when preparing each formulation was solvent, ω-ACTX stock (where necessary), and finally DMSO.

Administration and Application of the Formulation.

Each treatment formulation described above was applied to a group of ten CO₂-anesthetized houseflies. Treatment application consisted of a 2 μL droplet of the respective formulation, pipetted onto the dorsal thoracic body surface of a fly. Each mixture was vortexed immediately prior to each application to ensure suspension of precipitate particles. Following treatment, insects were placed in bins with fresh food and water, allowed to recover, and observed over 24 hours.

Each treatment formulation described above was also applied to a group of ten 2^(nd) instar T. ni. Treatment application consisted of a 2 μL droplet of the respective formulation, pipetted onto the anterior dorsal body surface. Each mixture was vortexed and immediately prior to each application to ensure suspension of precipitate particles. All treatment mixtures were vortexed immediately prior application to ensure suspension of precipitate particles. Following treatment, insects were placed on fresh media and observed for 24 hrs.

TABLE 6a Housefly Dead Dead Treatment (18 hrs.) (24 hrs.) 90,000 pmol/g Acetone + DMSO 4 4 −ve Acetone + DMSO 0 0 90,000 pmol/g Methanol + DMSO 10 10 −ve Methanol + DMSO 0 0 Untreated 0 0

TABLE 6b Cabbage Looper Dead Dead Treatment (18 hr) (24 hr) 45,000 pmol/g Acetone + DMSO 0 0 −ve Acetone + DMSO 0 0 45,000 pmol/g Methanol + DMSO 0 0 −ve Methanol + DMSO 0 0

Table 6a and Table 6b (above) Results of administration of acetone/methanol/DMSO formulations to Housefly and Cabbage Looper.

Topical treatment of houseflies with a high dose of ω-ACTX in methanol with DMSO was insecticidal with 100% mortality at 18 hours post treatment compared to only 40% mortality of houseflies treated with ω-ACTX in acetone. There was no control mortality in either treatment. There was no difference between ω-ACTX and control treatments of cabbage loopers in terms of insect death, feeding, or behavior. Methanol potentiated the topical activity of ω-ACTX more than acetone in this experiment.

Example 3 Topical Assay with Methanol and Ethanol Using Housefly

Toxin is ω-ACTX-Hv1a

(SEQ ID. NO: 60) SPTCIPSGQPCPYNENCCSQSCTFKENENGNTVKRCD

Synthetic. Molecular weight: 4050 Da

LD₅₀ in House-fly: 90.2 pmol/g

Administration and Application of the Formulation

Insect: House fly (Musca domestica) from Benzon research weighing between 12-20 mg (average mass 16 mg). 2 μL micropipette application onto dorsal thorax.

Toxin Dose Calculations:

˜90,000 pmol/g ω-ACTX (1000× Injection LD₅₀), 0.015 g/fly×90,000 pmol/g=1350 pmol/fly×4050 pg/pmol×1 μg/10⁶ pg=5.467 μg/insect 5.467 μg/2 μL application=2.733 μg/μL×250 μL=683.43 μg×1 μL/5 μg=136.7 μL 5 μg/μL ω-ACTX stock

NOTE: Treatment solutions calculated for flies of an average mass of 15 mg (12-18 mg range); actual average mass of insects used was 16 mg (12-20 mg range). ω-ACTX dose in tables below has been adjusted for this discrepancy.

Preparation of Application Solutions

Methanol—Solutions of ω-ACTX in Methanol were prepared according to Table 7, using a stock preparation of 1.0 mg lyophilized ω-ACTX dissolved in 200 μL of methanol (5 mg/mL solution).

TABLE 7 Methanol Treatment Formulations Total Treatment ω-ACTX Methanol Volume 84,375 pmol/g 136.68 μL 5 mg/mL ω-ACTX stock 113.3 μL   250 μL 16,875 pmol/g 50 μL 84,375 pmol/g solution 200 μL 250 μL 3,375 pmol/g 50 μL 16,875 pmol/g solution 200 μL 250 μL 675 pmol/g 50 μL 3,375 pmol/g solution 200 μL 250 μL 135 pmol/g 50 μL 675 pmol/g solution 200 μL 250 μL −ve — 250 μL 200 μL

Methanol+DMSO—Solutions of ω-ACTX in methanol were prepared according to Table 8 using a 5 mg/mL stock. The 84,375 pmol/g solution was prepared by diluting the stock mixture into methanol (88.3 μL) before adding DMSO (25 μL) to a final concentration of 10% DMSO. A 10% DMSO in methanol solution was then prepared and aliquoted as described below for the serial dilution series.

TABLE 8 Methanol/DMSO Treatment Solutions Total Treatment ω-ACTX DMSO Methanol Volume 84,375 pmol/g 136.68 μL 5 mg/mL ω-ACTX STOCK 25 μL 88.3 μL 250 μL in Methanol (100%) 16,875 pmol/g 50 μL 84,375 pmol/g solution — 200 μL 250 μL (10% DMSO) 3,375 pmol/g 50 μL 16,875 pmol/g solution — 200 μL 250 μL (10% DMSO) 675 pmol/g 50 μL 3,375 pmol/g solution — 200 μL 250 μL (10% DMSO) 135 pmol/g 50 μL 675 pmol/g solution — 200 μL 250 μL (10% DMSO) −ve — — 250 μL 250 μL (10% DMSO)

Ethanol+DMSO—Solutions of ω-ACTX in Ethanol were prepared according to Table 9 from a stock preparation of 0.8 mg lyophilized ω-ACTX dissolved in 160 μL of Ethanol to produce a 5 mg/mL solution. The 84,375 pmol/g solution was prepared by diluting the stock solution into ethanol (88.3 μL) before adding DMSO (25 μL) to a final concentration of 10% DMSO. A 10% DMSO/ethanol solution was then prepared and aliquoted as described below for the serial dilution series.

TABLE 9 Ethanol Solution Formulations; order of addition when preparing the 84,375 pmol/g formulation was ethanol, ω-ACTX stock and finally DMSO. Total Treatment ω-ACTX DMSO Ethanol Volume 84,375 pmol/g 136.68 μL 5 mg/mL ω-ACTX in 25 μL 88.3 μL 250 μL Ethanol (100%) 16,875 pmol/g 50 μL 84,375 pmol/g solution — 200 μL 250 μL (10% DMSO) 3,375 pmol/g 50 μL 16,875 pmol/g solution — 200 μL 250 μL (10% DMSO) 675 pmol/g 50 μL 3,375 pmol/g solution — 200 μL 250 μL (10% DMSO) 135 pmol/g 50 μL 675 pmol/g solution — 200 μL 250 μL (10% DMSO) −ve — — 250 μL 250 μL (10% DMSO) A 10% DMSO/Ethanol solution was prepared and aliquoted in labeled tubes, and a 5x serial dilution from the 84,375 pmol/g treatment was carried out.

Administration and Application of the Formulation

Each treatment formulation described above was applied to a group of ten CO₂-anesthetized houseflies. Treatment application consisted of a 2 μL droplet of the respective formulation, pipetted onto the dorsal thoracic body surface of a fly. Each mixture was vortexed immediately prior to each application to ensure suspension of precipitate particles. Following treatment, insects were placed in bins with fresh food and water, allowed to recover, and observed over 60 hours.

Results of Methanol or Ethanol and DMSO Treatments

TABLE 10 Results of treatment with methanol or ethanol and DMSO Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Treatment (6 hrs.) (19.5 hrs.) (24 hrs.) (50 hrs.) (60 hrs.) −ve control Methanol + DMSO 0 0 0 0 0 135 pmol/g Methanol + DMSO 0 0 0 0 0 675 pmol/g Methanol + DMSO 0 0 0 0 0 3,375 pmol/g Methanol + DMSO 0 0 0 0 0 (1 twch) 16,875 pmol/g Methanol + DMSO 0 0 0 (1 twch) 0 (1 twch) 0 (1 twch) 84,375 pmol/g Methanol + DMSO 0 3 (3 twch) 3 (3 twch) 7 7 (1 twch) −ve control Methanol 0 0 0 0 0 135 pmol/g Methanol 0 0 0 0 0 675 pmol/g Methanol 0 0 0 0 0 3,375 pmol/g Methanol 0 0 0 0 0 16,875 pmol/g Methanol 0 0 0 1 (1 twch) 1 84,375 pmol/g Methanol 0 0 0 1 1 (5 twch) −ve control Ethanol + DMSO 0 0 0 0 0 135 pmol/g Ethanol + DMSO 0 0 0 0 0 675 pmol/g Ethanol + DMSO 1 1 1 1 1 3,375 pmol/g Ethanol + DMSO 0 0 0 1 0 16,875 pmol/g Ethanol + DMSO 0 3 (1 twch) 3 (2 twch) 7 7 (1 twch) 84,375 pmol/g Ethanol + DMSO 2 7 7 7 7 (1 twch) Untreated 0 0 0 0 0

Topical treatment of houseflies with a high dose (84,375 pmol/g) of ω-ACTX in ethanol with DMSO was insecticidal causing 30% and 70% mortality at 24 and 50 hours post treatment, respectively. The treatments prepared with ethanol were more potent than those prepared with methanol (70% vs. 30% mortality at 24 hrs. for the highest dose, and 30% vs. 0% mortality in 16,875 pmol/g treatment at 24 hrs.). The effect of the highest dose of ω-ACTX in methanol with DMSO was not as potent as in the previous assay (3 dead, 3 twitching vs. 10 dead at the highest dose after 24 hrs.).

Methanol/ω-ACTX treatments without DMSO were not insecticidal, suggesting inclusion of an aprotic penetrant or some other type of molecular adjuvant is important to the activity of topical preparations of ω-ACTX.

This experiment shows examples of effective dose ranges of topically applied ω-ACTX diluted in methanol, and what effect the inclusion of DMSO and ethanol has on the insecticidal activity of the formulation in the topical bioassay paradigm used.

Example 4 Topical Assay with the Toxin ω-ACTX-Hv1a

(SEQ ID. NO. 55.) SPTCIPSGQPCPYNENCCSQSCTFKENENGNTVKRCD

Molecular weight: 4050. LD₅₀ in House-fly: 90.2 pmol/g

Freeze dried aliquots of 1.5 mg toxin prepared from frozen stocks

Topical application: groups of ten house flies (Musca domestica) from Benzon research, weighing between 12-20 mg (average mass 16 mg), each received a 2 μL micropipette application of toxin precipitate suspended in Ethanol-DMSO on the dorsal thoracic surface of the body.

Preparation of Stock Solutions for Topical and Per Os Treatment:

Stock 1 (vortexed preparation): 1 mL ethanol was added to ˜1500 μg lyophilized ω-ACTX, and the resulting mixture vortexed vigorously. A 50 μL aliquot of the peptide suspension was then removed for topical application assays and kept on ice for ˜2 hrs.; the remainder was divided into two ˜475 μL aliquots and then kept on ice for ˜2 hrs.

Stock 2 (vortexed and sonicated preparation): 1 mL ethanol was added to ˜1500 μg lyophilized ω-ACTX, and the resulting mixture vortexed vigorously, and then sonicated ˜10-15 sec., gently ramping up from intensity setting “0” to setting “5” during this period. A 50 μL aliquot of the peptide suspension was then removed for topical application assays and kept on ice for ˜2 hrs.; the remainder was divided into two ˜475 μL aliquots and then kept on ice for ˜2 hrs.

Toxin Dose Calculations: 1.5 μg/μL×2 μL/application×10⁶ pg/1 μg×1 pmol/4050 pg×1 fly/0.016 g=46,875 pmol/g

Topical Application of Toxin Solutions and Results Thereof.

Stock solutions of ω-ACTX in Ethanol were prepared as described above. Table 11, below, indicates the recipes used to dilute the stock solutions for topical application to houseflies:

TABLE 11 Ethanol/DMSO formulations Treatment # 90% EtOH/ Total (dose) ω-ACTX DMSO 10% DMSO Volume 1-vortexed (46,875 pmol/g) 50 μL ω-ACTX Stock-1 5 μL — 55 μL 2-vortexed (9,375 pmol/g) 10 μL treatment 1 solution — 40 μL 50 μL 3-vortexed + sonicated 50 μL ω-ACTX Stock-2 5 μL — 55 μL (46,875 pmol/g) 4-vortexed + sonicated 10 μL treatment 3 solution — 40 μL 50 μL (9,375 pmol/g)

Treated flies were kept in containers with ad libitum access to food and water and mortality (and “twitching” behavior, presumably resulting from disruption of physiological norms by action of the toxin) was scored thereafter as indicated in Table 12 below:

TABLE 12 Results of treament with Ethanol/DMSO Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Treatment N (7.5 hr) (14 hr) (24 hr) (40 hr) (48 hr) (76 hr)  9,000 pmol/g 10 0 (1 twch) 1 1 2 (1 twch) 2 (2 twch) 3 (1 twch) vortexed 45,000 pmol/g 10 1 (2 twitch) 6 6 (1 twch) 8 8 8 vortexed  9,000 pmol/g 10 2 (2 twch) 2 (1 twch) 2 (2 twch) 3 3 3 (1 twch) sonicated 45,000 pmol/g 10 5 (2 twch) 8 9 9 9 9 sonicated

This experiment demonstrates that sonicating ω-ACTX suspended in ethanol increases the topical insecticidal activity of the resulting toxin formulation.

The sonication of ethanol-DMSO precipitates of omega-ACTX-Hv1a enhances the insecticidal activity of the omega toxin by increasing the mortality of contact-treated houseflies, up to 24 hrs. post application.

Example 5 Toxins are

1) ω-ACTX-Hv1a+2:

(SEQ ID. NO. 117) GSSPT CIPSG QPCPY NENCC SQSCT FKENE NGNTV KRCD

has three disulfide bridges: 6-20, 13-24 and 19-38.

Molecular weight: 4199. Injection LD50 in Housefly: 77 pmol/g

2) rKappa-ACTX-Hv1c:

(SEQ ID. NO. 118) GSAIC TGADR PCAAC CPCCP GTSCK AESNG VSYCR KDEP has four disulfide bridges: 5-19, 12-24, 15-16, 18-34

Recombinant from pDR2 (pET-32a). Molecular weight: 3912.15

Injection LD50 in Housefly: 389 pmol/g

3) rU-ACTX-Hv1a+2:

(SEQ ID. NO. 119) GSQYC VPVDQ PCSLN TQPCC DDATC TQERN ENGHT VYYCR A has three disulfide bridges: 5-20, 12-25, 19-39

Molecular Weight: 4570.51

Injection LD50 in Housefly: 81.5 pmol/g

Preparation of Mixtures for Topical Treatment:

Recipes for toxin stocks used to formulate treatment mixtures were as follows:

Stock 1: ω-ACTX-Hv1a+2: an aliquot of 1.5 mg freeze dried toxin suspended in 850 μL ethanol and sonicated for 10-15 seconds with gentle ramp from setting “0” to setting “5” on sonicator to create fine particles.

Stock 2: rU-ACTX-Hv1a+2 an aliquot of 1.5 mg freeze dried toxin suspended in 900 μL acetone and sonicated for 10-15 seconds with gentle ramp from setting “0” to setting “5” on sonicator to create fine particles.

Stock 3: rU-ACTX-Hv1a+2: an aliquot of 1.5 mg freeze dried toxin suspended in 900 μL methanol and sonicated for 10-15 seconds with gentle ramp from setting “0” to setting “5” on sonicator to create fine particles.

Stock 4: rKappa-Hv1c+2: an aliquot of 1.5 mg freeze dried toxin suspended in 900 μL acetone and sonicated for 10-15 seconds with gentle ramp from setting “0” to setting “5” on sonicator to create fine particles.

Stock 5: rKappa-Hv1c+2: an aliquot of 1.5 mg freeze dried toxin suspended in 900 μL methanol and sonicated for 10-15 seconds with gentle ramp from setting “0” to setting “5” on sonicator to create fine particles.

Final preparation of mixtures for topical applications was done by mixing stocks with other reagents as listed below:

Control 1—Ethanol+0.05% LI-700—475 μL Ethanol. 25 μL 1% LI-700 in Ethanol

Control 2—Ethanol+0.01% LI-700—495 μL Ethanol. 5 μL 1% LI-700 in Ethanol

Control 3—Ethanol+0.1% MSO®—450 μL Ethanol. 50 μL 1% MSO® in Ethanol

Control 4—Ethanol+0.02% MSO®—490 μL Ethanol. 10 μL 1% MSO® in Ethanol

Treatment 1—ω-ACTX-Hv1a+2 Ethanol Precipitate+10% DMSO+0.05% Silwet—425 μL Stock 1

25 μL 1% Silwet in Ethanol. 50 μL DMSO

Control 5—Ethanol+10% DMSO+0.05% Silwet—425 μL Ethanol

25 μL 1% Silwet in Ethanol. 50 μL DMSO

Treatment 2—rU-ACTX-Hv1a+2 acetone precipitate+10% DMSO—450 μL Stock 2. 50 μL DMSO

Treatment 3—rU-ACTX-Hv1a+2 methanol precipitate+10% DMSO—450 μL Stock 3. 50 μL DMSO

Treatment 4—rKappa-ACTX-Hv1c acetone precipitate+10% DMSO—450 μL Stock 4. 50 μL DMSO

Treatment 5—rKappa-ACTX-Hv1c methanol precipitate+10% DMSO—450 μL Stock 5. 50 μL DMSO

Control 6—Acetone+10% DMSO—450 μL Acetone. 50 μL DMSO

Control 7—Methanol+10% DMSO—450 μL methanol. 50 μL DMSO

Control 8—Ethanol+10% DMSO—450 μL Ethanol. 50 μL DMSO

Administration and Application of the Formulation.

Topical application of 2 μL droplets to the ventral abdomen of houseflies between 12-18 mg with P10 micropipettes, as described in previous examples. After application, flies were provided food and water ad libitum and observed for mortality.

TABLE 13 Results of the mixtures of topical treatments. 6 hrs. 24 hrs. 42 hrs. Twitch/ Twitch/ Twitch/ Treatment Dead Morib Dead Morib Dead Morib LI-700 (n = 10) Control 1 - Ethanol + 0.05% LI-700 0 4/0 0 3/1 1 1/1 Control 2 - Ethanol + 0.01% LI-700 0 6/0 1 4/1 1 4/2 MSO (n = 10) Control 3 - Ethanol + 0.1% MSO ® 2 4/1 2 4/0 3 2/1 Control 4 - Ethanol + 0.02% MSO ® 0 7/0 1 5/0 4 1/1 Silwet (n = 10, ~45,000 pmol/g) Treatment 1-ω-ACTX-Hv1a + 2 2 3/0 7 1/2 10 0/0 precipitate + ~10% DMSO + 0.05% Silwet Control 5 - Ethanol + ~10% 1 0/0 1 0/0 2 0/0 DMSO + 0.05% Silwet Acetone/Methanol Precipitation (n = 10, ~45,000 pmol/g) Treatment 2 - rU-ACTX-Hv1a + 2 0 0/0 1 2/0 5 2/0 acetone precipitate + 10% DMSO Treatment 3 - rU-ACTX-Hv1a + 2 0 0/0 2 1/0 5 2/0 methanol precipitate + 10% DMSO Treatment 4 - rKappa-ACTX-Hv1c + 2 0 1/0 0 1/0 5 3/0 acetone precipitate* + 10% DMSO Treatment 5 - rKappa-ACTX-Hv1c + 2 0 1/0 1 1/0 4 0/0 methanol precipitate* + 10% DMSO Control 6 - Acetone + 10% DMSO 0 0/0 1 0/0 2 0/0 Control 7 - Methanol + 10% DMSO 0 0/0 0 0/0 1 0/0 Control 8 - Ethanol + 10% DMSO 0 0/0 0 0/0 0 0/0

Concentrations of LI-700 down to 0.01% resulted in considerable disruption in the behavior of the treated flies, and possibly some mortality as well. Concentrations of MSO® down to 0.02% resulted in considerable disruption in the behavior of the treated flies, and considerable (i.e., 30-40%) mortality as well. Silwet, 0.05%, may slightly potentiate the topical insecticidal activity of omega-toxin/ethanol/dmso suspensions in this experimental paradigm. Based on results presented here and other undisclosed studies potentiation would be in the range of 15-20%.

Topically applied formulations of the hybrid and kappa atracotoxin-1s are insecticidal when 90% acetone or 90% methanol is substituted for 90% ethanol. The acetone and methanol formulations of the hybrid toxin may be slightly less insecticidal than the previously tested ethanol formulation. We believe that acetone and methanol formulations result in equivalent or slightly higher levels of insecticidal activity when compared to ethanol formulations of kappa toxin.

Example 6 Toxin to Apply Topically is ω-ACTX-Hv1a

(SEQ ID NO: 60) SPTCIPSGQPCPYNENCCSQSCTFKENENGNTVKRCD having a Molecular weight: 4050. LD50 in House-fly: 90.2 pmol/g.

Freeze dried aliquots of 1.5 mg toxin prepared from frozen stocks.

Administration and Application of the Formulation

Topical application: groups of ten house flies (Musca domestica) from Benzon research, weighing between 12-20 mg (average mass 16 mg), each received a 2 μL micropipette application of toxin precipitate suspended in Ethanol-DMSO on the dorsal thoracic surface of the body.

Preparation of Stock Solutions for Topical Treatment:

Stock 1 (vortexed and sonicated Ethanol preparation): 0.9 mL, ethanol was added to ˜1500 μg lyophilized ω-ACTX, and the resulting mixture vortexed vigorously, and then sonicated ˜10-15 sec., gently ramping up from intensity setting “0” to setting “5” during this period. 0.1 ml, DMSO was then added to the toxin suspension, the resulting mixture was vortexed, and a 100 μL aliquot of the alcohol-DMSO-peptide suspension was then removed for topical application assays and kept on ice for ˜2 hrs.

Stock 2 (vortexed and sonicated 1-Propanol preparation): 0.9 mL 1-propanol was added to ˜1500 μg lyophilized ω-ACTX, and the resulting mixture vortexed vigorously, and then sonicated ˜10-15 sec., gently ramping up from intensity setting “0” to setting “5” during this period. 0.1 mL DMSO was then added to the toxin suspension, the resulting mixture was vortexed, and a 100 μL aliquot of the alcohol-DMSO-peptide suspension was then removed for topical application assays and kept on ice for ˜2 hrs.

Stock 3 (vortexed and sonicated 2-Propanol preparation): 0.9 mL 2-propanol was added to ˜1500 μg lyophilized ω-ACTX, and the resulting mixture vortexed vigorously, and then sonicated ˜10-15 sec., gently ramping up from intensity setting “0” to setting “5” during this period. 0.1 mL DMSO was then added to the toxin suspension, the resulting mixture was vortexed, and a 100 μL aliquot of the alcohol-DMSO-peptide suspension was then removed for topical application assays and kept on ice for ˜2 hrs.

Stock 4 (vortexed and sonicated 2-Butanol preparation): 0.9 mL 2-butanol was added to ˜1500 μg lyophilized ω-ACTX, and the resulting mixture vortexed vigorously, and then sonicated ˜10-15 sec., gently ramping up from intensity setting “0” to setting “5” during this period. 0.1 mL DMSO was then added to the toxin suspension, the resulting mixture was vortexed, and a 100 μL aliquot of the alcohol-DMSO-peptide suspension was then removed for topical application assays and kept on ice for ˜2 hrs.

Note that each stock was made to a concentration such that a 2 μL application of the stock to the body surface of a ˜16 mg housefly would result in a toxin dose of ˜45,000 pmol/g. Hence, in some cases described below, one of the four stocks described above was topically applied full-strength to houseflies, but in other cases, five-fold serial dilutions were performed (using the stocks and the corresponding 90% alcohol-10% DMSO solution) in order to obtain a solution that could be used to deliver a lower toxin dose in a 2 μL volume. Negative control procedures (indicated as “-ve” in the table below) comprised house flies treated with 2 μL dorsal thoracic applications of solutions of the alcohols in question (diluted to 90% v/v with DMSO).

Topical Application of Toxin Solutions and Results Thereof:

Stock solutions of ω-ACTX in various alcohols were prepared as described above. Table 14 below indicates the stock formulations and dosing used for topical application to houseflies and the observed mortality for the corresponding groups of flies:

TABLE 14 Results of topical application of toxin solutions # of Flies Dead Dead Dead Dead Treatment Treated (~16 hr) (24 hr) (52 hr) (64 hr) 1-Propanol −ve 10 0 0 0 0 1-Propanol 10 0 0 1 1 9,000 pmol/g 1-Propanol 10 1 (1 twitch) 2 (1 twitch) 2 (1 twitch) 2 (1 twitch) 45,000 pmol/g 2-Propanol −ve 10 1 (2 twitch) 2 (1 twitch) 3 3 2-Propanol 10 3 (2 twitch) 4 (1 twitch) 4 4 9,000 pmol/g 2-Propanol 10 5 (3 twitch) 5 (3 twitch) 8 8 45,000 pmol/g 2-Butanol −ve 10 5 7 7 7 2-Butanol 10 6 6 (1 twitch) 6 (1 twitch) 7 (2 twitch) 9,000 pmol/g Ethanol −ve 7 0 0 0 0 Ethanol 10 0 1 1 1 1,800 pmol/g Ethanol 10 2 2 2 2 (2 twitch) 9,000 pmol/g 1-Octanol −ve 10 10 10 10 10

When normalized for mortality observed in negative control groups (dosed with the corresponding alcohol-DMSO solution), ethanol precipitates of omega toxin appear to have insecticidal activity as high or higher than any other toxin-alcohol precipitate tested in this series of experiments.

90% octanol-10% DMSO, 90% 2-butanol-10% DMSO, and 90% 2-propanol-10% DMSO appear to cause unacceptable levels of background mortality; the latter could presumably mask mortality due to target site action of omega toxin in treated houseflies. 90% 1-propanol-10% DMSO does not appear to cause unacceptable levels of background mortality, but it also does not appear to potentiate target site activity of applied toxin as well as 90% ethanol-10% DMSO.

Example 7 Toxin to Apply Topically

ω-ACTX-Hv1a + 2: (SEQ ID. NO. 117) GSSPTCIPSGQPCPYNENCCSQSCTFKENENGNTVKRCD. Molecular weight: 4196

Freeze dried aliquots of 1.5 mg toxin prepared from frozen stocks

Treatment Mixture Preparation

All treatments were made to 1.5 μg/μL final concentration of ω-ACTX-Hv1a+2. As previously, ethanol was added to ˜1500 μg samples of lyophilized ω-ACTX-Hv1a+2, the resulting mixture was vortexed vigorously, then sonicated ˜10-15 sec., gently ramping up from intensity setting “0” to setting “5” during this period. Additional ingredients such as DMSO, MSO®, water, and Tween 20 detergent were added following sonication, and the resulting mixtures were vortexed vigorously prior to topical application in order to ensure even mixing of ingredients. Assuming average fly mass of 16 mg (12-20 mg cohort) dosing is calculated as follows: 3 μg/insect×1 μmol/4196 μg×10⁶ pmol/1 μmol×1 insect/0.016 g=44,685 pmol/g dose

Recipes for toxin stocks used to formulate treatment mixtures were as follows:

Stock 1—1.5 mg lyophilized ω-ACTX-Hv1a+2 dissolved in 500 μL ethanol, vortexed and sonicated.

Stock 2—1.5 mg lyophilized ω-ACTX-Hv1a+2 dissolved in 150 μL sterile water (10 mg/mL).

Topical Assays using ω-ACTX-Hv1a+2 with DMSO:

Recipes for treatment mixtures were as follows:

45,000 pmol/g ω-ACTX-Hv1a+2 90% Ethanol/10% DMSO solution (+-ve control)—50 μL Stock 1, 40 μL ethanol, 10 μL DMSO.

90% Water/10% DMSO/0.1% Tween 20 (-ve control)—7.5 μL Stock 2, 82.5 μL sterile water, 10 μL DMSO. 1 μL 10% Tween 20.

45,000 pmol/g ω-ACTX-Hv1a+2 80% Ethanol/10% Water/10% DMSO—50 μL Stock 1, 30 μL ethanol, 10 μL sterile water, 10 μL DMSO.

45,000 pmol/g ω-ACTX-Hv1a+2 70% Ethanol/20% Water/10% DMSO-50 μL Stock 1, 20 μL ethanol, 20 μL sterile water, 10 μL DMSO.

45,000 pmol/g ω-ACTX-Hv1a+2 60% Ethanol/30% Water/10% DMSO-50 μL Stock 1, 10 μL ethanol, 30 μL sterile water, 10 μL DMSO.

45,000 pmol/g ω-ACTX-Hv1a+2 50% Ethanol/30% Water/10% DMSO-50 μL Stock 1, 40 μL sterile water, 10 μL DMSO.

For Topical Assay using ω-ACTX-Hv1a+2 with MSO® Surfactant:

5% MSO® (-ve control)—95 μL Ethanol, 5 μL MSO® Concentrate.

1.25% MSO® (-ve control)—98.75 μL Ethanol, 1.25 μL MSO® Concentrate.

45,000 pmol/g ω-ACTX-Hv1a+2 5% MSO®-50 μL Stock 1, 45 μL Ethanol, 5 μL MSO® Concentrate.

45,000 pmol/g ω-ACTX-Hv1a+2 2.5% MSO®-25 μL Stock 1, 23.75 μL Ethanol, 1.25 μL MSO® Concentrate.

45,000 pmol/g ω-ACTX-Hv1a+2 1.25% MSO®-25 μL Stock 1, 24.37 μL Ethanol, 0.625 μL MSO® Concentrate

All treatment mixtures were kept on ice for ˜1 hr. prior to administration and application.

Administration and Application of the Formulation.

2 μL samples of each treatment mixture were spotted onto the dorsal thorax of individual houseflies (10 houseflies treated per mixture). A second group of ten flies were each treated with 2 μL samples of the 45,000 pmol/g ω-ACTX-Hv1a+2 in 90% Ethanol/10% DMSO but with the treatment applied to the ventral abdominal surface of the flies rather than the dorsal thoracic surface. After application, flies were kept in plastic containers wells with ad libitum access to food (1:1 mixture of dry powdered milk and table sugar) and water (presented in soaked cotton balls) and observed every 8-24 hrs. for two days.

Results of Topical Application of ω-ACTX-1-Hv1a+2

Post-application mortality (and “twitching” and “moribund” behavior, both presumably resulting from disruption of physiological norms by action of the toxin) is summarized in Table 15, below.

TABLE 15 Results of topical assays of DMSO, ethanol and MSO ® preparations of ω-ACTX-Hv1a + 2, administered topically. Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Treatment N (4 hr) (14 hr) (22 hr) (38 hr) (48 hr) −ve 90EtOH/ 10 0 0 0 0 0 10DMSO 45,000 pmol/g 10 1 2 3 5 5 (1 twch) 90EtOH/10DMSO 45,0000 pmol/g 10 0 1 2 (1 twch) 4 4 (1 twch) 80EtOH/10H2O/ 10DMSO 45,0000 pmol/g 10 0 0 0 0 0 70EtOH/20H2O/10DMSO 45,0000 pmol/g 10 0 0 0 0 0 60EtOH/30H2O/ 10DMSO 45,000 pmol/g 10 0 0 0 1 1 50EtOH/40H2O/ 10DMSO 45,000 pmol/g 10 0 1 0 1 1 (3 twch) 90H2O/10DMSO −ve 5% MSO ® 10 0 0 0 0 1 −ve 1.25% MSO ® 10 0 0 (1 morb) 1 1 (1 morb) 1 45,000 pmol/g 10 2 (1 twch) 4 (1 morb) 4 4 (1 morb) 5 (1 twch) 5% MSO ® 45,000 pmol/g 10 0 3 4 4 (1 twch)  5 (1 twch) 2.5% MSO ® 45,000 pmol/g 10 1 1 1 5 (1 twch)  6 (1 twch) 1.25% MSO ® 45,000 pmol/g 10 0 1 (3 twch)  5 (1 twch) 5 (1 twch)  7 90EtOH/10DMSO TUMMY Numbers above are described below. Number 1-addition of 10% water to precipitates of omega toxin in ethanol/DMSO solutions appears to reduce topical insecticidal activity of the precipitate under the conditions tested above. Number 2-addition of 20%, 30%, and 40% water to precipitates of omega toxin in ethanol/DMSO solutions appears to completely eliminate topical insecticidal activity of the precipitate under the conditions tested above. Number 3-solvation/dilution of toxin in 90% water/10% DMSO results in a solution with no insecticidal activity under the conditions tested above. Number 4-replacement of 10% DMSO with either 1.25% MSO ®, 2.5% MSO ®, or 5% MSO ® apparently results in mixtures with significant insecticidal activity under the conditions tested above. Number 5-under experimental conditions used above, ventral abdominal application of the precipitate (of omega toxin in 90% ethanol/10% DMSO) appears to induce insect mortality with speed and effectiveness similar to, if not greater than, the induction of mortality by dorsal thoracic application of the same precipitate mixture. Since ventral abdominal application can be executed roughly twice as quickly as dorsal thoracic application, this points to a significant technical improvement for future topical application bioassays.

Further Examples of Toxic Peptides and the Sequence Listing.

The toxic insect peptides refers to peptides that are not from toxic insects, but that are toxic to insects. Their source need not be insects. In the sequence listing of this application a wide range of suitable toxic insect peptides are provided. This small selection of about 174 peptides includes representative peptides from spiders, scorpions and plants. Sequences 1-140 are from funnel web spiders, sequences 141 to 171 are from scorpions and sequences 172 to 174 are from plants. The sequence listing includes peptide examples where the source is Oldenlandia affinis which is known to produce a cyclic peptide referred to at a “Kalata” type peptide. The Oldenlandia plant family is known to produce peptides having insecticidal activity. Other insecticidal peptides from plants are known. Numerous venomous spider peptides, which are discussed throughout this application are also provided. 

1. A process for treating a toxic peptide to increase its topical insecticidal activity, comprising: a) mixing a polar organic solvent with said peptide to make a polar organic solvent peptide suspension; b) adding a polar aprotic solvent to said polar organic solvent peptide suspension to create a final peptide suspension; wherein said final peptide suspension comprises 90% or more polar organic solvent and 10% or less polar aprotic solvent.
 2. The process of claim 1, wherein said polar aprotic solvent is selected from the group consisting of dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, dioxane and hexamethylphosphorotriamide or any combination thereof.
 3. The process of claim 2, wherein said polar organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of acetone, methanol, ethanol, propanol, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone, acetonitrile, and ethyl acetoacetate or any combination thereof.
 4. The process of claim 3, wherein said polar aprotic solvent is selected from the group consisting of dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethylformamide or a combination of the two, and said polar organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of acetone, methanol, ethanol and propanol, or any combination thereof.
 5. The process of claim 1, wherein said toxic peptide is lyophilized before the first solvent is mixed with the toxic peptide.
 6. The process of claim 1, wherein either one or both of the peptide solvents are sonicated after mixing with said peptide.
 7. The process of claim 1, wherein said polar organic solvent and said polar aprotic solvent form a total solvent volume of 100%, and wherein said polar aprotic solvent—comprises from about 8% to about 0.1% of the total solvent volume, and said polar organic solvent comprises from about 92% to about 99.9% of the total solvent volume.
 8. The process of claim 7, wherein said polar aprotic solvent comprises from about 5% to about 0.1% of the total solvent volume, and the polar organic solvent comprises from about 95% to about 99.9% of the total solvent volume.
 9. The process of claim 7, wherein said polar aprotic solvent comprises from about 2% to about 0.1% of the total solvent volume, and the polar organic solvent comprises from about 98% to about 99.9% of the total solvent volume.
 10. The process of claim 1, wherein said toxic peptide has at least 50% sequence identity to a natural peptide produced by a spider, scorpion, snake, mite, snail, or plant.
 11. The process of claim 10, wherein said peptide is produced by a spider.
 12. The process of claim 11, wherein said peptide is produced by the Australian funnel web spider of genus Atrax or Hadronyche.
 13. A toxic peptide suspension produced by the process of claim
 10. 14. The process of claim 1, wherein the length of said toxic peptide is from about 10 to 200 amino acids.
 15. The process of claim 1, wherein said toxic peptide has from 1 to 5 disulfide bonds.
 16. The process of claim 1, wherein said toxic peptide comprises a peptide sequence with at least 50% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to
 174. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein said peptide sequence has at least 70% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to
 174. 18. The process of claim 16, wherein said peptide sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 60, SEQ ID NO: 117, SEQ ID NO: 118, and SEQ ID NO:
 119. 19. The process of claim 16, wherein said peptide sequence has at least 85% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to
 174. 20. The process of claim 16, wherein said peptide sequence has at least 90% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to
 174. 21. A toxic peptide suspension produced by the process of claim
 1. 22. A peptide formulation comprising: a) an insecticidal peptide; b) a polar organic solvent; wherein said polar organic solvent comprises from about 90% to about 99% of the final solvent volume of the formulation; and c) a polar aprotic solvent; optionally containing water; wherein said polar aprotic solvent comprises from about 10% to about 1% of the final solvent volume of the formulation; and wherein said optional water phase comprises from 0% to about 10% of the final solvent volume of the formulation. 